Appendix: List of Ladies crops Nobel Prize

Name
Marie Curie
Post with her husband Pierre Curie and Henri becquerel.
Year 1903
Country Poland and France
Field of physics
Reason for grants in recognition of their services venerable that they have done their research on the phenomenon of the common radiation discovered by Professor Henribecquerel.

Name
Bertha von Sautner
Year 1905
Country Austria and Hungary
Area of peace
The main reason for Grants of Honour for the Office of International Peace.

Name
Salma Agrlov

Year 1909
Country Sweden
Domain literature
Grants reason "admired the noble idealism, imagination and the neighborhood andspiritual approach that characterize her writings"

Name
Marie Curie

Year 1911
Country Poland and France
Domain Chemistry
Grants reason "to discover radium and polonium racist"

Name
Grazia Delida

Year 1926
Country Italy
Domain literature
Grants reason "for her writing of idealism clearly depicting life on the island, which wasthe original home, and dealing with emotional depth and human problems in general."

Name
Sigrid Oondst

Year 1928
Country Norway
Domain literature
Reason grants "mainly to describe the strong for life in Norway during the Middle Ages."

Name
Jane Adams
Jointly with Nicholas Murray Butler.

Year 1931
Country United States of America
Area of peace
Grants reason sociologist and president of Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.

Name
Irene Joliot - Curie
Jointly with her ​​husband Frederic Joliot - Curie.

Year 1935
Country France
Domain Chemistry
Tkhalaiqama reason to grant a new radioactive elements.

Name
Your Pearl

Year 1938
Country United States of America
Domain literature
Grants reason "to describe the rich and epic for the life of peasants in China, but her writing deals on the conduct of persons."

Name
Gabriela Mistral

Year 1945
Country Chile
Domain literature
Grants reason "for her musical, inspired by powerful emotions, which made its name a symbol of the aspirations of the ideal world of Latin America as a whole."

Name
Emily Greene Balch
Jointly with John Raleigh's death.

Year 1946
Country United States of America
Area of peace
Reason grants former professor of history and sociology, and Honorary President of theWomen's International League for Peace and Freedom.

Name
Gerta Korean
Post with her husband Carl and Cory Bernardo Bernardo Houssay.

Year 1947
Country United States of America
Field medicine
Grants for their discovery of the cause of the path of glycogen metabolism.

Name
Maria Gobert - Meyer
Post with Hans Jensen and Eugene and Agner.

Year 1963
Country United States of America
Field of physics
Grants reason for their discoveries concerning the installation of the cover of the nucleus of the atom.

Name
Dorothy Hodgkin

Year 1964
Country United Kingdom
Domain Chemistry
Reason grants "because they identified several of the chemicals using X-ray techniques."

Name
Nelly Sachs
Jointly with Shmuel Yosef Agnon.

Year 1966
Country Germany and Sweden
Domain literature
Grants reason "for her writing of poetry and drama which deals with Israel as stronglyinfluential"

Name
Betty Williams.

Year 1976
Country United Kingdom
Area of peace
Foundation grants the reason the peace movement in Northern Ireland (which was later called the gathering of supporters of the peace)

Name
Mairead Corrigan

Year 1976
Country United Kingdom
Area of peace
Foundation grants the cause of the peace movement in Northern Ireland (which was later called the gathering of supporters of the peace)

Name
Rosalyn Yalow
Gummen promoted him with the post and Andrew Scully.

Year 1977
Country United States of America
Field medicine
Grants for the development of the cause of Immunology and chapels

Name
Mother Teresa

Year 1979
India and the state of Macedonia
Area of peace
Cause of a leader grant "consignments for good", Calcutta.

Name
ULFA Meral
Jointly with Alfonso Garcia Robles.

Year 1982
Country Sweden
Area of peace
Why grant diplomatic representative in the General Assembly of the United Nations disarmament.

Name
Barbara Mklintok

Year 1983
Country United States of America
Field medicine
Grants to discover the cause of Alanicol.


Name
Rita Levi Montalcini
Jointly with Stanley Cohen.

Year 1986
Country Italy and the United States of America
Field medicine
Grants to discover the cause of growth factors.

Name
Gertrude Ilion
Post with James Black and George Htcngs.

Year 1988
Country United States of America
Field medicine
Grants reason "for their discovery of important principles for drug treatment."

Name
Nadine Gordimer

Year 1991
Country South Africa
Domain literature
Grants reason blocked Bektabadtha magnificent epic great sense of humanity.

Name
Aung San Suu Kyi

Year 1991
Country Myanmar (Burma)
Area of peace
Grants to the cause of the peaceful struggle for democracy and human rights.


Name
Rigoberta Mincho

Year 1991
Country Guatemala
Area of peace
Why grant recognition of her work for social justice and mutual understanding betweenraces and cultures to respect the buildings indigenous rights.

Name
Toni Morrison

Year 1993
Country United States of America
Domain literature
Why give grants Broayatea characterized by visionary force and poetic content of life onan important aspect of American reality. "Indigenous.

Name
Christaana Noslaan Volhard
Post with Edward Lewis and Eric Vichaos.

Year 1995
Country Germany
Field medicine
Grants reason for their discoveries concerning genetic control of early embryonicformation.

Name
Viswava Himborsk

Year 1996
Country Poland
Domain literature
Reason for the grants.

Name
Jody Williams
Post with the International Campaign to Ban Landmines.

Year 1997
Country United States of America
Area of peace
Why grants for their work on the prohibition and elimination of antipersonnel land mines

Name
Shirin Ebadi

Year 2003
Country Iran
Area of peace
Grants for their cause for democracy and human rights. Primarily focus its energies on the struggle for the rights of women and children.

Name
Elfriede Jelinek

Year 2004
Country Austria
Domain literature
Grants reason "for the musical flow of voices and sounds in the opposite of her plays andnovels that reveal the Hamas language absurd stereotypes exceptional community andomnipotent domination."

Name
Wangari Maathai

Year 2004
Country Kenya
Area of peace
Grants reason "for its contribution to the sustainable development of democracy and peace"

Name
Linda Buck
Jointly with Richard Iksal.

Year 2004
Country United States of America
Field medicine
Grants reason "for discoveries in the field of olfactory receptors and functions of theolfactory system and organization."

Name
Doris Lessing

Year 2004
Country United Kingdom
Domain literature
Grants reason "that the writer of the epic experience that female subjected a dividedcivilization to scrutiny on the same skepticism and diet and the power of insight."


Name
Françoise Barré Sinoussi
Post with Harald zur Hausen, Luc Montagnier.

Year 2008
Country France
Field medicine
Grants reason "for their discovery of HIV."

Name
Elizabeth Blackburn
Gredr post with Carol and Jack Szostak.

Year 2009
Country Australia and the United States of America
Field medicine
Grants reason "for their discovery of the role of telomeres in protecting chromosomes (chromosomes) and the discovery of the enzyme telomerase."

Name
Carol Gredr
Post with Elizabeth Blackburn and Jack Szostak.

Year 2009
Country United States of America
Field medicine
Grants reason "for their discovery of the role of telomeres in protecting chromosomes (chromosomes) and the discovery of the enzyme telomerase."

Name
Returned Yonath
Post with Fankatraman Ramakrishnan and Thomas Steyz.
Year 2009
The State of Israel
Domain Chemistry
Grants reason "for their research in the composition and functions of the ribosome."

Name
Herta Mueller
Year 2009
Country Germany, Romania
Domain literature
Grants reason "used to focus the poetic and candid prose to portray the disadvantaged."

Name
Elinor Ostrom
Jointly with Oliver Williamson.
Year 2009
Country United States of America
Area economy
Reason Grants

Abraham Jothelv Kistner, German mathematician.

Abraham Jothelv Kistner (German: Abraham Gotthelf Kästner), born (September 27, 1719 in Leipzig - and died in June 20, 1800 in Göttingen) is a poet and mathematicianAbagramat German.

 Biography

Kistner was born in Leipzig and his father was Abraham Kistner professor of law. And in 1757 he married long after the betrothal of the 12 years I Rosina Baumann. The wife died on the fourth of March 1758 of lung disease. And later fathered a daughter, KistnerKatarenh hut of his housekeeper.
Kistner studied law, philosophy, physics, mathematics and Almitafsiqa in Leipzigstarting in 1731. At the appointed in 1733 documented for decades. Then in in 1739began giving lectures in mathematics and philosophy, logic and law at the University ofLeipzig. And in 1746 became a part-time professor at the University of Leipzig, and Professor Emeritus of the subjects of nature and engineering in 1756 at the University ofGöttingen. In 1763 he became head of the astronomical observatory there. He was a teacher and later a fellow of both the Lichtenberg and Arksiln. One of his students alsoCarl Friedrich Gauss, Johann Tobias Mayer and Heinrich Wilhelm Brandes. He died in 1800, an adviser in the court of Gottingen.
Kistner was a prominent athletes and has works in this area, including the book "Fundamentals of Mathematics (Book)" and the book "History of Mathematics (Book)."

Source: Wikipedia

Louis XIII of France

Louis XIII (September 27, 1601 - May 14 1643) Ruler of France and Navarre of 1610 to 1643. His life
Born in the royal palace, Louis XIII is the eldest son of Henry IV of France (1589-1610) and Mary Medici. And he became the oldest son of the king is the successor of the throne of France. His father was the first king Purbona The rule of France, and was succeeded by his cousin, IX, Henry III, King of France (1574-89), in accordance with French law. Louis XIII was due to his origin, his grandfather Anthony de Bourbon, the Duke and Gian Vindom Albert, Queen of Nirvana. The other grandparents were Francesco Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Johanna, Arushdoukh Istria, and Alenora Medici, his aunt, his mother is spiritual. Student of Louis XIII throne in 1610, at the age of eight and a half, after the assassination of his father. His mother acted as guardians of the throne that was to Louis XIII the age of thirteen, but due to the strength and Tgha to the throne he had received the power and began to actually control the government when it reached the age of fifteen. Konseno Konseno assassination (April 24, 1617), which greatly influenced the policy of Mary, and denied to Mary Lewis, completely stripped of its power. Then came Louis ruler of France. And filled his part with friends and loyal to him who were beyond his mother to be saved. Under the reign of Louis XIII, following the constant strain on the throne Alborbdon this because Henry IV has a safe, but the question of freedom of religion continued to haunt the state. Genius and activity Cardinal Ritchelao played a key role in the reign of Louis XIII of 1624, and led to the formation of the fate of France during the 18 years that followed the verdict. As a result of the work Ritchelao, became Louis XIII, and one of the many examples of absolute king. Under the reign of Louis signed Alhabesborgion under humiliation, France became the nobility behind the line of the King, and the political and military security and the survival of his government Alhbesborgion governance.

Personal relationships

On November 9, 1615 when completed its fourth century, married Louis XIII th PrincessAlhabsberg Awstrella the Queen (1601-66), wife of King Philip III of Spain (1578-1621).This marriage was Following the traditions of the military and political forces were among the Catholics in France and Spain. Return tradition marriage of King Philip King of Spainin 1559 as part of a peace treaty between them. Sexual relationship did not start (andafter the wedding) before the year 1619 (when he completed the eighth century). The marriage was happy, and duties of the King made ​​them aside. After 23 years of marriage and four Aaum of distinction between them, and finally gave birth to a son of Louis in 1638.
And there is no evidence either of Louis Strange Things, but rumors said that the kingcould be that he was gay.

Source: Wikipedia

World War II

World War II is an international dispute began in the devastating July 7, 1937 in Asia, September 1, 1939 in Europe and ended in 1945 with the surrender of Japan. Armed forces of about seventy countries participated in the battles of air, sea and land.Is a World War II war totalitarianism, and the most expensive in the history of mankind to the wide spot of the war and the multiplicity of scenes of battles and fronts, in which more than 100 million soldiers, were parties to the conflict many countries and loss of life too, has lost World War II, approximately 61 million human being between the military and civilian.Incurring civilian casualties during World War II than any war in history, and attributed the reason for the aerial bombardment, heavy on the cities and villages, who pioneered the British army as soon as the Winston Churchill to power received by the Nazi army Similarly, fell from the civilians killed on both sides, add to the massacres committed by the Japanese army against the peoples of China and Korea to the list of civilian casualties in the deaths of innocent people and soldiers to 51 million people, equivalent to 2% of the world's population in that period.Could be argued that the war began in September 1, 1939, Germany invaded both Poland and Slovakia, and the announcement by France, Britain and the colonies war on Germany. Germany began to build a large empire in Europe, in the period between late 1939 and early 1941 Germany managed through a series of campaigns and treaties to control most parts of Europe.In June 1941, the Axis in Europe to invade the Soviet Union's largest military operation in history, this invasion consumed most of the Axis military force, and in 1941, Japan Dissembar United States of America, which pushed her to the battlefield.Axis defeat began in 1942 after Japan's defeat in several naval battles and the defeat of European Axis forces in North Africa and Stalngerad. In 1943 and after several defeats inflicted on the Germans in Eastern Europe and the invasion of coalition forces of Fascist Italy and the U.S. victories in the Pacific, began to withdraw axis on all fronts. In 1944 the Allies arrived to France, the Soviet Union was able to restore all the land seized by the Germans.The war ended in Europe control forces of the Soviet Union on Berlin and the unconditional surrender by the Germans on May 8, 1945. The United States defeated the Japanese Navy and the Japan Islands are threatened.


Source: Wikipedia

Constantine I of Greece

Constantine I (August 2, 1868 - Jan 11 1923) King of Greece, was the leader of theGreek army during the war, the Ottoman Greek in 1897 and the First Balkan War in 1912took over the reins of power in the March 18, 1913 after the death of his father, KingGeorge the First.

War Ottoman Greek in 1897, also known as the war of thirty days is a war broke out between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Greece in 1897 because of the island of Crete the Ottoman-dominated Greek, as renewed turmoil on the island to demand to join Greece Faqamt Greece occupied the island which prompted the Ottoman government to declare war Greece, at the end of the war and the settlement of thepowers the island of Crete was declared an autonomous region under the Ottoman authority in accordance with the terms of the Treaty of Istanbul (1897), which ended the war between the two countries

Russian Empire

Russian Empire (modern spelling Russian: Российская Империя Rciscaa Amپraa; and ancient Russian spelling: Россійская Имперія, transliteration: Rciscaa Amپraa) Name of the State that has existed since 1721 until the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917.Empire was the successor to the tsarist Russia, and in advance of the Soviet Union. Is the second largest contiguous empire in the world at all, but did not exceed the Mughal empire. In the year 1866, the empire stretching from Eastern Europe through Asia, to the North America.At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Russia was the largest country in the world in terms of area, the extended borders of the Arctic Ocean north to south, the Black Sea, Baltic Sea and west to the Pacific Ocean to the east. The 176.4 million citizens of the empire scattered in this broad area, and they constitute the third largest human gathering in the world at that time, after China in the Qing Dynasty and the British Empire, but the disparity in their economic, ethnic and religious was a prominent significantly. The government, led by the Emperor, one of the last absolute monarchies in Europe. Russia was considered one of the five major powers on the European continent before the outbreak of World War I in August of 1914.

Railway

Emergence of the first railway
Opened the first railway in 1825 m the planning of English George Stephenson, the owner of mines Klanjurth where he was able Stevenson of the establishment of a railway in the mines Klanjurth he was called Stevenson to build a railway from Stockton to Darlington and from there to Sheldon, a distance the length of its line of Iron 40 km has been used Stevenson During this project, some hard drives that can be used in Qatar vehicles on the lines emerging difficult using chains and pulleys and decided to Stevenson to produce these engines himself became a partner in the factories engineering locomotives Newcastle has used the line of Stockton - Darlington in the first place in the transport of goods only, but soon shown to be beneficial for the transfer of passenger vehicles Fjhzat appropriate, but it has been sometimes by horse, while the locomotives were used on goods vehicles.During the busy Stevenson line iron Stockton - Darlington thought some of the businessmen in Lancashire in building a line between the city of Manchester and the port of Liverpool and for the transport of raw materials for industries of cotton between the two cities and exports of textiles, ready-made has been cleared a preliminary to the road proposal and despite the enthusiasm of men of industry but the landowners did notthey agree, come and complain to the British Parliament and discussions were heated but that ended with the ratification by the government to build the railway had been consulted Stephenson he agreed to take over management of the project was not Stevenson uses only the skill and human effort began to extend fifty kilometers of lines dual has continued the project for four years among which 63 bridges were also digging a tunnel at a depth of 30 meters for a distance of three miles through the boulders rock in Mount Olive as the D pillars above the quagmire of Chat Moss until the opening of the Liverpool - Manchester on September 15, 1830 and was the first line is used when steam train and the first line I use to transport passengers.

Configuration


German steam trainInitially the railway consists of two parallel steel rods held to mediated by metal screws or bolts vertically on a set of wooden planks or concrete, which in turn parallel with each other, in order to maintain the same distance between them and to secure stability on the ground.Rail is usually held on a concrete foundation or on a bed of gravel on the ground and compressed in order to avoid distortion of rail and the weight of the train. Over time, increases the stability of the rail and under the weight of the locomotives passing by.Used rail to rail or rail, which cooperate with the railroad switches (or points), guide trains without the need for guidance. Parallel paths consist of steel bars, which the sleepers Warsi), or through links embedded in the ballast shaping the course of the railway track is tied to the rail links with the ears, a difference of screws or clips such as Bandrol clip.Type of cloud depends in part on the type of dormant, Snapple sleepers used on wood, and used more clippings on concrete sleepers.Usually, a baseplate or fishplates, although fishplates also a bar used to join rails) are used between the rail and wooden sleepers, and the distribution of the burden of rail over a larger area of ​​the sleeper. Ears are sometimes expelled through the hole in the baseplate for rail, while at other times is Basiblatys acute or pulling on the sleeper and the rails clipped to the baseplate.Steel bars and can carry heavier loads than any other material .. railway links the spread of pregnancy of the bars on the ground and also to hold steady with the exception of the distance bars (called measure).Rail lines are usually put on a bed of coarse stone ballast Hak known, which combines flexibility, a degree of flexibility, and good drainage .. steel bars and concrete can be placed on the block (block the path). Across the bridge, the path is mostly on the development of relations across the timber longitudinal or longitudinal steel girders.Additional details on the tracks used tram and light rail trains operations, rather than heavy rail, which is available in the path of the tram.

Somalia heaven and the earth, water Chhan

Displaced people displaced by the drought prevailing in several regions of southern Somalia and arrived in Mogadishu, have great difficulty in collecting the water, along with other problems Kah food and the spread of diseases and epidemics in the camps that harbored them.
Bring water and a routine operation carried out by the displaced families - and most of their women and children - for the transfer of small amounts by an explosive capacity of one or two of them Twenty liters to cover the different uses Kalshrb, cooking, washing and bathing.
Extended a few camps where water lines, taps, which makes the best position camps Padppadu Raju Trkinla in the neighborhood of the island and the south of Mogadishu.
TankersBut most of the displaced have access to water from the tankers come a day or once every two days under the auspices of local relief organizations or international emptied of water in the tank is equipped and installed underground or bowl lined with queues in front of him could last hours.
The Issue teacher of the island, she fled with her family from the area of ​​Port in the province of any South and she and her family has struggled to collect the water, it does not come to their camp but a car tank, one day, "may not attend at times, and we get two cans with a capacity of 40 liters a small amount does not meet the minimum "of 200 liters, making it a wash and her children once a week and wash their clothes only once a month.
WellsSome displaced people travel long distances to carry water from distant wells at a reasonable cost, but the collection of 20 liters may take five hours or more because of the lines that start early.

Khadija said Mohamed Adam Trbounka of the camp - a mother of four children, their father died - of the island, they go to the well early and "sometimes we bring the water is very great difficulty, and a fight occurs between the displaced people to get 20 liters of water."

Since the wells are owned by the citizens, may stop working for lack of balance between what Ihsalouna of amounts and costs required or breakdowns take days and sometimes months, which complicates the lives of displaced people and other residents who depend on them, unless they interfere with some of the parties and provide adequate support to allow repair of malfunctions.
ProjectsAnd attempts are being made to drill wells in different parts of Mogadishu, especially near the camps for displaced people. For example, has dug a well near the largest concentration of displaced people in random Trbounka south of Mogadishu.
The vice president of the umbrella of the area camps Trbounka Hassan Hussein Nur of the island that the financing of the well came from the contributions of the Egyptian people in a campaign launched by Facebook and the implementation of "Zamzam Foundation charity."
He added that the well will be ready the next few days, for the benefit of some five hundred displaced families living in camps in the region, leaving only the installation of water tank and faucets.
Health risksThe scarcity of water drawn from wells or water tanks installed in the camps, health risks due to failure to observe conditions of hygiene in packaging, forcing displaced people to drink contaminated water, and threatening the outbreak of infectious diseases, including diarrhea.
The government made the necessary effort to educate the displaced people need to keep clean in the tools used to carry water, they did not distribute materials antimicrobial.

Source: Al Jazeera

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Vatican denies news of the resignation of the Pope

The Vatican has denied a report in Italian newspaper on Sunday, saying that Pope Benedict examines the idea of ​​resigning next year, when he is 85 years.

Said Father Federico Lombardi, Vatican spokesman said Pope's health is excellent, "I do not know anything about this, ask one of his books."

The author said Antonio Catholic newspaper in Sochi on Sunday, Wipro, said that the Pope is thinking of resigning when the eighty-fifth in April / April, the writer did not refer to any source or reason.

The Pope said in a book last year that he would not hesitate to be the first pope to resign voluntarily for more than 700 years, if he felt he could no longer physically, psychologically and spiritually to manage the Catholic Church.

Lombardi noted that the Pope was held together very well during his trip to his native Germany, and said it was clear that he is still able to deal with the obligations very difficult.

The thought of a number of popes in recent history - including Pope John Paul - to resign for health reasons, rather than remain in office for life.

The last pope to resign voluntarily from his post is Pope Celestine V in 1294, after the title, only five months, stepped down and Pope Gregory XII reluctantly in 1415, ending a dispute with a competitor demanding job.


 Source: Reuters